| 'Man-Computer Symbiosis' Revisited: Achieving Natural Communication and Collaboration with Computers |
| Citation: |
* Lesh, N.; Marks, J.; Rich, C.; Sidner, C.L., "Man-Computer Symbiosis Revisited: Achieving Natural Communication and Collaboration with Computers", Transactions on Electronics (IEICE), December 2004 (IEICE 2004) |
| Date: | June 2004 |
In 1960, the famous computer pioneer J.C.R. Licklider described a vision for human-computer interaction that he called "man-computer symbiosis."  Licklider predicted the development of computer software that would allow people "to think in interaction with a computer in the same way that you think with a colleague whose competence supplements your own."  More than 40 years later, one rarely encounters any computer application that comes close to capturing Licklider's notion of human-like communication and collaboration. We echo Licklider by arguing that true symbiotic interaction requires at least the following three elements:  a complementary and effective division of labor between human and machine; an explicit representation in the computer of the user's abilities, intentions, and beliefs; and the utilization of nonverbal communication modalities. We illustrate this argument with various research prototypes currently under development at Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (USA). |
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